Wine yeast species show strong inter- and intra-specific variability in their sensitivity to ultraviolet radiation.

While the trend in winemaking is toward reducing the inputs and especially sulphites utilization, emerging technologies for the preservation of wine is a relevant topic for the industry. Amongst yeast spoilage in wine, Brettanomyces bruxellensis is undoubtedly the most feared. In this study, UV-C treatment is investigated. This non-thermal technique is widely used for food preservation. A first approach was conducted using a drop-platted system to compare the sensitivity of various strains to UV-C surface treatment. 147 strains distributed amongst fourteen yeast species related to wine environment were assessed for six UV-C doses. An important variability in UV-C response was observed at the interspecific level. Interestingly, cellar resident species, which are mainly associated with wine spoilage, shows higher sensitivity to UV-C than vineyard-resident species. A focus on B. bruxellensis species with 104 screened strains highlighted an important effect of the UV-C, with intra-specific variation. This intra-specific variation was confirmed on 6 strains in liquid red wine by using a home-made pilot. 6624 J.L-1 was enough for a reduction of 5 log10 of magnitude for 5 upon 6 strains. These results highlight the potential of UV-C utilization against wine yeast spoiler at cellar scale.

Isolation and characterization of Lipomyces starkeyi mutants with greatly increased lipid productivity following UV irradiation.

The oleaginous yeast Lipomyces starkeyi is an intriguing lipid producer that can produce triacylglycerol (TAG), a feedstock for biodiesel production. We previously reported that the L. starkeyi mutant E15 with high levels of TAG production compared with the wild-type was efficiently obtained using Percoll density gradient centrifugation. However, considering its use for biodiesel production, it is necessary to further improve the lipid productivity of the mutant. In this study, we aimed to obtain mutants with better lipid productivity than E15, evaluate its lipid productivity, and analyze lipid synthesis-related gene expression in the wild-type and mutant strains. The mutants E15-11, E15-15, and E15-25 exhibiting higher lipid productivity than E15 were efficiently isolated from cells exposed to ultraviolet light using Percoll density gradient centrifugation. They exhibited approximately 4.5-fold higher lipid productivity than the wild-type on day 3. The obtained mutants did not exhibit significantly different fatty acid profiles than the wild-type and E15 mutant strains. E15-11, E15-15, and E15-25 exhibited higher expression of acyl-CoA synthesis- and Kennedy pathway-related genes than the wild-type and E15 mutant strains. Activation of the pentose phosphate pathway, which supplies NADPH, was also observed. These results suggested that the increased expression of acyl-CoA synthesis- and Kennedy pathway-related genes plays a vital role in lipid productivity in the oleaginous yeast L. starkeyi.

Ultraviolet A light effectively reduces bacteria and viruses including coronavirus.

Antimicrobial-resistant and novel pathogens continue to emerge, outpacing efforts to contain and treat them. Therefore, there is a crucial need for safe and effective therapies. Ultraviolet-A (UVA) phototherapy is FDA-approved for several dermatological diseases but not for internal applications. We investigated UVA effects on human cells in vitro, mouse colonic tissue in vivo, and UVA efficacy against bacteria, yeast, coxsackievirus group B and coronavirus-229E. Several pathogens and virally transfected human cells were exposed to a series of specific UVA exposure regimens. HeLa, alveolar and primary human tracheal epithelial cell viability was assessed after UVA exposure, and 8-Oxo-2'-deoxyguanosine was measured as an oxidative DNA damage marker. Furthermore, wild-type mice were exposed to intracolonic UVA as an in vivo model to assess safety of internal UVA exposure. Controlled UVA exposure yielded significant reductions in Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Escherichia coli, Enterococcus faecalis, Clostridioides difficile, Streptococcus pyogenes, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Proteus mirabilis and Candida albicans. UVA-treated coxsackievirus-transfected HeLa cells exhibited significantly increased cell survival compared to controls. UVA-treated coronavirus-229E-transfected tracheal cells exhibited significant coronavirus spike protein reduction, increased mitochondrial antiviral-signaling protein and decreased coronavirus-229E-induced cell death. Specific controlled UVA exposure had no significant effect on growth or 8-Oxo-2'-deoxyguanosine levels in three types of human cells. Single or repeated in vivo intraluminal UVA exposure produced no discernible endoscopic, histologic or dysplastic changes in mice. These findings suggest that, under specific conditions, UVA reduces various pathogens including coronavirus-229E, and may provide a safe and effective treatment for infectious diseases of internal viscera. Clinical studies are warranted to further elucidate the safety and efficacy of UVA in humans.

An optimized yeast display strategy for efficient scFv antibody selection using ribosomal skipping system and thermo resistant yeast.

OBJECTIVES: Establish a method to restrict unexpected fragments including stop codons in scFv library and generate a thermo resistant strain for screening of thermal stable scFv sequences. RESULTS: Here, we have constructed a T2A-Leu2 system for selection of yeast surface display libraries that blocks amplification of "stop codon" plasmids within the library, thereby increasing the quality of the library and efficiency of the selection screen. Also, we generated a temperature-resistant yeast strain, TR1, and validated its combined use with T2A-Leu2 for efficient screening. Thus, we developed a general approach for a fast and efficient screening of scFv libraries using a ribosomal skipping system and thermo-resistant yeast. CONCLUSIONS: The method highlights the utility of the T2A-Leu2-based ribosomal skipping strategy for increasing the quality of the input library for selection, along with an optimized selection protocol based on thermo-resistant yeast cells.

Ultraviolet-C resistance of selected spoilage yeasts in orange juice.

This study determined the ultraviolet-C (UV-C) dose necessary to reduce 90% population (DUV-C) of 17 spoilage yeasts and their composited inoculum in orange juice (pH 3.71, 11.60 °Brix, 0.55% citric acid, 2.46% w/v insoluble solids). Growth parameters of all test yeasts were first established to standardize the growth stage of the cells prior to harvesting and eventual UV-C challenge studies. Approximately 4-5 log CFU/ml cells in the mid-stationary growth phase (30.3 t0 39.9 h, 25 °C) were suspended in 4 ml turbulent flowing juice and subjected to UV-C irradiation at an incident surface irradiance of 3.64-4.97 mW/cm2. The inactivation rates of each yeast and their composited inoculum were determined using 2 methods namely, the linear regression and Baranyi and Roberts (1994) model-fitting. Results showed that the yeasts exhibited either log-linear or biphasic inactivation behavior with downward concavity or inactivation lag. Regardless of the method of determination, Cryptococcus albidus (LJY1) exhibited the significantly greatest (p < 0.05) UV-C resistance with DUV-C values of 1924.31 and 2174.63 mJ/cm2. On the other hand, Candida parapsilosis was determined to be least resistant with a DUV-C values of 245.83 and 357.88 mJ/cm2. Majority of the DUV-C values determined from the model-fitting were greater than those calculated from linear regression. However, only those determined for the composited inoculum were significantly different. The results of this study address knowledge gaps pertinent to the UV-C resistance of less studied spoilage yeast, and help in better understanding the utility of this non-thermal food processing technology.

Decimal reduction energies of UV-C-irradiated spoilage yeasts in coconut liquid endosperm.

The ultraviolet-C (UV-C) decimal reduction energy (DUV-C) values of 17 spoilage yeasts and their composited inoculum were determined in coconut liquid endosperm (pH 5.26, 5.8 °Brix, 0.04% malic acid, 0.17% w/v insoluble solids). Growth kinetic parameters of all the test yeast strains were first established to standardize the growth stage of the cells prior to inactivation studies. Approximately 4.0 to 5.0 log CFU/mL cells in the mid-stationary growth phase (30.3 to 39.9 h, 25 °C) were suspended in 4 mL turbulent flowing juice and subjected to UV-C irradiation at a surface irradiance range of 3.42 to 4.99 mW/cm2. Survivor populations after exposure to predetermined UV-C energy were enumerated, and were used to derive the DUV-C values using the linear regression and Baranyi and Roberts (1994) model fitting. Results show that the yeast strains exhibited either log-linear or biphasic inactivation behavior with inactivation lag. The most UV-C resistant spoilage yeast was found to be Cryptococcus albidus (LJY1) with DUV-C values of 122.72 and 214.89 mJ/cm2 determined from linear regression and model-fitting, respectively. The least UV-C resistant was Torulaspora delbrueckii (LYJ5) with a DUV-C of 17.34 (linear regression) and 17.35 mJ/cm2 (model-fitting). The DUV-C values determined from the model fitting were generally greater than those calculated from linear regression, although only those determined for C. albidus were significantly different. To the investigators' knowledge, this is the first report of the UV-C inactivation kinetic parameters of Kluyveromyces marxianus, Trichosporon cutaneum, Pichia anomala, and Meyerozyma guilliermondii and C. albidus in coconut liquid endosperm. The results of this study can be used in the establishment and validation of UV-C process schedules for coconut liquid endosperm and other similar commodities.

Survival of Extremophilic Yeasts in the Stratospheric Environment during Balloon Flights and in Laboratory Simulations.

The high-altitude atmosphere is a harsh environment with extremely low temperatures, low pressure, and high UV irradiation. For this reason, it has been proposed as an analogue for Mars, presenting deleterious factors similar to those on the surface of that planet. We evaluated the survival of extremophilic UV-resistant yeasts isolated from a high-elevation area in the Atacama Desert under stratospheric conditions. As biological controls, intrinsically resistant Bacillus subtilis spores were used. Experiments were performed in two independent stratospheric balloon flights and with an environmental simulation chamber. The three following different conditions were evaluated: (i) desiccation, (ii) desiccation plus exposure to stratospheric low pressure and temperature, and (3) desiccation plus exposure to the full stratospheric environment (UV, low pressure, and temperature). Two strains, Naganishia (Cryptococcus) friedmannii 16LV2 and Exophiala sp. strain 15LV1, survived full exposures to the stratosphere in larger numbers than did B. subtilis spores. Holtermanniella watticus (also known as Holtermanniella wattica) 16LV1, however, suffered a substantial loss in viability upon desiccation and did not survive the stratospheric UV exposure. The remarkable resilience of N. friedmannii and Exophiala sp. 15LV1 under the extreme Mars-like conditions of the stratosphere confirms its potential as a eukaryotic model for astrobiology. Additionally, our results with N. friedmannii strengthen the recent hypothesis that yeasts belonging to the Naganishia genus are fit for aerial dispersion, which might account for the observed abundance of this species in high-elevation soils.IMPORTANCE Studies of eukaryotic microorganisms under conditions of astrobiological relevance, as well as the aerial dispersion potential of extremophilic yeasts, are still lacking in the literature compared to works with bacteria. Using stratospheric balloon flights and a simulation chamber, we demonstrate that yeasts isolated from an extreme environment are capable of surviving all stressors found in the stratosphere, including intense UV irradiation, scoring an even higher survival than B. subtilis spores. Notably, the yeast N. friedmannii, which displayed one of the highest tolerances to the stratospheric environment in the experiments, was recently proposed to be adapted to airborne transportation, although such a hypothesis had not yet been tested. Our results strengthen such an assumption and can help explain the observed distribution and ecology of this particular yeast species.

Effect of ultraviolet radiation on physiological and biochemical properties of yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae during fermentation of ultradispersed starch raw material

Background: Study of correlation between pretreatment of yeast with ultraviolet radiation and efficiency of further fermentation of wort made of ultrafine grain particles to ethanol. Results: We investigated three races of industrial yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae (native and irradiated by ultraviolet). Physiological properties during fermentation of starchy wort were tested in all variants. It was shown that activation of the yeast by ultraviolet radiation allows to further increase the ethanol yield by 25% on average compared with the native yeast races when using thin (up to micro- and nano-sized particles) or standard grain grinding. Conclusions: Using mechanical two-stage grinding of starchy raw materials and ultraviolet pretreatment of yeast, the efficiency of saccharification of starch and fermentation of wort to ethanol was increased.

Growth and carotenogenesis in Rhodosporidium diobovatum IMB Y-5023: effects of culture medium and illumination intensity.

The oleaginous yeast Rhodosporidium diobovatum is a poorly described producer of carotenoids and may be of interest in biotechnology. This study investigated the effects of culture medium and illumination on effective carotenoid production by R. diobovatum IMB Y-5023. Yeast was cultured on carrot, bran extract, and modified yeast malt (YM) medium at illuminations in the 0-5000 lx range. Biomass, total carotenoids and their profile were assessed after cultivation. In order to compare samples, cluster analysis and principal component analysis were used to visualize the relationships between the variables and samples. Results show that it is not illumination but culture medium that is the main factor determining the quantity and proportions of carotenoids produced by R. diobovatum IMB Y-5023. The yeast grew and produced pigments throughout the tested range of illumination intensity. The modified YM medium was optimal for carotenogenesis. In cultures on that medium, the highest carotenoid yields of 24.98 mg g-1 dry cell weight and 77 mg L-1 were recorded. It was found that this yeast is capable of assimilating oligosaccharides and can grow and produce carotenoids in low-glucose media containing DP3 and DP4. Moreover R. diobovatum IMB Y-5023 produced lycopene as the main pigment independently of the culture conditions.

Integrated Microarray-based Tools for Detection of Genomic DNA Damage and Repair Mechanisms.

The genetic information contained within the DNA molecule is highly susceptible to chemical and physical insult, caused by both endogenous and exogenous sources that can generate in the order of thousands of lesions a day in each of our cells (Lindahl, Nature 362(6422):709-715, 1993). DNA damages interfere with DNA metabolic processes such as transcription and replication and can be potent inhibitors of cell division and gene expression. To combat these regular threats to genome stability, a host of DNA repair mechanisms have evolved. When DNA lesions are left unrepaired due to defects in the repair pathway, mutations can arise that may alter the genetic information of the cell. DNA repair is thus fundamental to genome stability and defects in all the major repair pathways can lead to cancer predisposition. Therefore, the ability to accurately measure DNA damage at a genomic scale and determine the level, position, and rates of removal by DNA repair can contribute greatly to our understanding of how DNA repair in chromatin is organized throughout the genome. For this reason, we developed the 3D-DIP-Chip protocol described in this chapter. Conducting such measurements has potential applications in a variety of other fields, such as genotoxicity testing and cancer treatment using DNA damage inducing chemotherapy. Being able to detect and measure genomic DNA damage and repair patterns in individuals following treatment with chemotherapy could enable personalized medicine by predicting response to therapy.

Microbial cells can cooperate to resist high-level chronic ionizing radiation.

Understanding chronic ionizing radiation (CIR) effects is of utmost importance to protecting human health and the environment. Diverse bacteria and fungi inhabiting extremely radioactive waste and disaster sites (e.g. Hanford, Chernobyl, Fukushima) represent new targets of CIR research. We show that many microorganisms can grow under intense gamma-CIR dose rates of 13-126 Gy/h, with fungi identified as a particularly CIR-resistant group of eukaryotes: among 145 phylogenetically diverse strains tested, 78 grew under 36 Gy/h. Importantly, we demonstrate that CIR resistance can depend on cell concentration and that certain resistant microbial cells protect their neighbors (not only conspecifics, but even radiosensitive species from a different phylum), from high-level CIR. We apply a mechanistically-motivated mathematical model of CIR effects, based on accumulation/removal kinetics of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and antioxidants, in bacteria (3 Escherichia coli strains and Deinococcus radiodurans) and in fungi (Candida parapsilosis, Kazachstania exigua, Pichia kudriavzevii, Rhodotorula lysinophila, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, and Trichosporon mucoides). We also show that correlations between responses to CIR and acute ionizing radiation (AIR) among studied microorganisms are weak. For example, in D. radiodurans, the best molecular correlate for CIR resistance is the antioxidant enzyme catalase, which is dispensable for AIR resistance; and numerous CIR-resistant fungi are not AIR-resistant. Our experimental findings and quantitative modeling thus demonstrate the importance of investigating CIR responses directly, rather than extrapolating from AIR. Protection of radiosensitive cell-types by radioresistant ones under high-level CIR is a potentially important new tool for bioremediation of radioactive sites and development of CIR-resistant microbiota as radioprotectors.

Heat-Killed Yeast as a Pan-Fungal Vaccine.

Fungal infections continue to rise worldwide. Antifungal therapy has long been a mainstay for the treatment of these infections, but often can fail for a number of reasons. These include acquired or innate drug resistance of the causative agent, poor drug penetration into the affected tissues, lack of cidal activity of the drug and drug toxicities that limit therapy. In some instances, such as coccidioidal meningitis, therapy is life-long. In addition, few new antifungal drugs are under development. In light of this information a preventative vaccine is highly desirable. Although numerous investigators have worked toward the development of fungal vaccines, none have become commercially available for use in humans. In the course of our studies, we have discovered that heat-killed yeast (HKY) of Saccharomyces cerevisiae can be used as a vaccine and have shown that it has efficacy in the prevention and reduction of five different fungal infections when used experimentally in mice, which raises the possibility of a pan-fungal vaccine preparation. In our studies we grow S. cerevisiae in broth and heat-kill the organism at 70 ° C for 3 h. The number of dead yeast cells is adjusted and mice are vaccinated subcutaneously beginning 3-7 weeks prior to infection. After infection, efficacy is assessed on the basis of survival and residual burden of the fungus in the target organs. Alternatively, efficacy can be assessed solely on fungal burden at a predetermined time postinfection. Although itself it is unlikely to be moved toward commercialization, HKY can be used a positive control vaccine for studies on specific molecular entities as vaccines, and as a guidepost for the key elements of potential, more purified, pan-fungal vaccine preparations.

Tolerance to Ultraviolet Radiation of Psychrotolerant Yeasts and Analysis of Their Carotenoid, Mycosporine, and Ergosterol Content.

Yeasts colonizing the Antarctic region are exposed to a high ultraviolet radiation evolving mechanisms to minimize the UV radiation damages, such as the production of UV-absorbing or antioxidant compounds like carotenoid pigments and mycosporines. Ergosterol has also been suggested to play a role in this response. These compounds are also economically attractive for several industries such as pharmaceutical and food, leading to a continuous search for biological sources of them. In this work, the UV-C radiation tolerance of yeast species isolated from the sub-Antarctic region and their production of carotenoids, mycosporines, and ergosterol were evaluated. Dioszegia sp., Leuconeurospora sp. (T27Cd2), Rhodotorula laryngis, Rhodotorula mucilaginosa, and Cryptococcus gastricus showed the highest UV-C radiation tolerance. The yeasts with the highest content of carotenoids were Dioszegia sp. (OHK torulene), Rh. laryngis (torulene and lycopene), Rh. mucilaginosa, (torulene, gamma carotene, and lycopene), and Cr. gastricus (2-gamma carotene). Probable mycosporine molecules and biosynthesis intermediates were found in Rh. laryngis, Dioszegia sp., Mrakia sp., Le. creatinivora, and Leuconeurospora sp. (T27Cd2). Ergosterol was the only sterol detected in all yeasts, and M. robertii and Le. creatinivora showed amounts higher than 4 mg g−1. Although there was not a well-defined relation between UV-C tolerance and the production of these three kinds of compounds, the majority of the yeasts with lower amounts of carotenoids showed lower UV-C tolerance. Dioszegia sp., M. robertii, and Le. creatinivora were the greatest producers of carotenoids, ergosterol, and mycosporines, respectively, representing good candidates for future studies intended to increase their production for large-scale applications.

Influencia del campo magnético sobre el crecimiento de microorganismos patógenos ambientales aislados en el Archivo Nacional de la República de Cuba / Influence of magnetic field on the growth of pathogen microorganisms isolated from the indoor environment at the Archivo Nacional de la República de Cuba

Introducción. En el Archivo Nacional de la República de Cuba, existe contaminación electromagnética y la influencia del campo magnético oscilante de frecuencia extremadamente baja podría cuantificarse con microorganismos patógenos aislados de su ambiente interior. Objetivo. Cuantificar la influencia de este tipo de campo magnético sobre el crecimiento de microorganismos patógenos aislados del ambiente en el Archivo Nacional de la República de Cuba. Materiales y métodos. Se emplearon cinco microorganismos: Streptococcus sp. (1), Listeria sp. (2) y Candida guillermondii (3), aislados en el Archivo, así como Escherichia coli ATCC 25922 (4) y Saccharomyces cerevisiae (5), como referencia. Se les aplicó un campo magnético oscilante de frecuencia extremadamente baja de 60 Hz/220 V de 3 mT durante dos horas, en tres tubos de cultivo con agua destilada y con caldo nutriente. Después se inocularon 0,1 ml en placas de Petri con los medios de cultivo agar CromoCen SC (1 y 2), agar de dextrosa y papa (3), agar CromoCen CC 4227 (4) y agar con extracto de malta (5). Las colonias se contaron (log UFC/ml) mediante el procesamiento digital de las imágenes de las placas de Petri empleando el programa MatLab ® . Resultados. Se observó una estimulación significativa (p=0,05) de la cantidad de colonias tratadas con respecto a los controles, siendo mayor en el caldo nutriente que en el agua destilada y más en las bacterias (caldo nutriente-colonias tratadas: 9,43 a 10,62 UFC/ml) que en las levaduras (caldo nutriente-colonias tratadas: 8,31 a 8,79 UFC/ml). La estimulación se produjo en orden decreciente así: Listeria sp., E. coli ATCC 25922, Streptococcus sp., C. guillermondii y S. cerevisiae . Conclusión. Se concluyó que el campo magnético aplicado tuvo un efecto estimulante sobre los microorganismos estudiados, lo cual potencia el riesgo para la salud del personal y los visitantes del Archivo Nacional de la República de Cuba.

Introduction: Electromagnetic pollution has been detected at the Archivo Nacional de la República de Cuba and the influence of extremely low frequency magnetic fields could be quantified with pathogenic microorganisms isolated from the indoor environment. Objective: To quantify the influence of an extremely low frequency magnetic field on the growth of pathogenic microorganisms isolated from the environment at the Archivo Nacional. Materials and methods: We used five microorganisms isolated at the Archivo Nacional: Streptococcus sp. (1), Listeria sp. (2) and Candida guillermondii (3), and Escherichia coli ATCC 25922 (4) and Saccharomyces cerevisiae (5) as references. We applied this magnetic field of extremely low frequency, 60 Hz/220 V (3 mT), for two hours to these microorganisms on three culture tubes with distilled water and nutrient broth. Then we inoculated 0.1 mL in the following solid culture mediums on Petri dishes: CromoCen SC Agar (1 and 2), Potato Dextrose Agar (3), CromoCen DC 4227 (4) and Malt Extract Agar (5). The colonies were counted (log CFU/mL) by digital processing of the images of Petri dishes using the MatLab ® tool. Results: We observed a statistically significant stimulation (p=0.05) in the quantity of treated colonies as compared to controls, which was higher in nutrient broth than in distilled water, and in bacteria (nutrient broth and treated colonies: 9.43 to 10.62 CFU/mL) as compared with yeasts (nutrient broth-treated colonies: 8.31 to 8.79 CFU/mL). In decreasing order, stimulation was as follows: Listeria sp., E. coli ATCC 25922, Streptococcus sp., C. guillermondii and S. cerevisiae . Conclusion: We concluded that the magnetic field applied had a stimulating effect on the microorganisms under study, which increases the risk to the health of staff and visitors at the Archivo Nacional .

UV-resistant yeasts isolated from a high-altitude volcanic area on the Atacama Desert as eukaryotic models for astrobiology.

The Sairecabur volcano (5971 m), in the Atacama Desert, is a high-altitude extreme environment with high daily temperature variations, acidic soils, intense UV radiation, and low availability of water. Four different species of yeasts were isolated from this region using oligotrophic media, identified and characterized for their tolerance to extreme conditions. rRNA sequencing revealed high identity (>98%) to Cryptococcus friedmannii, Exophiala sp., Holtermanniella watticus, and Rhodosporidium toruloides. To our knowledge, this is the first report of these yeasts in the Atacama Desert. All isolates showed high resistance to UV-C, UV-B and environmental-UV radiation, capacity to grow at moderate saline media (0.75-2.25 mol/L NaCl) and at moderate to cold temperatures, being C. friedmannii and H. watticus able to grow in temperatures down to -6.5°C. The presence of pigments, analyzed by Raman spectroscopy, correlated with UV resistance in some cases, but there is evidence that, on the natural environment, other molecular mechanisms may be as important as pigmentation, which has implications for the search of spectroscopic biosignatures on planetary surfaces. Due to the extreme tolerances of the isolated yeasts, these organisms represent interesting eukaryotic models for astrobiological purposes.

UV induced ubiquitination of the yeast Rad4-Rad23 complex promotes survival by regulating cellular dNTP pools.

Regulating gene expression programmes is a central facet of the DNA damage response. The Dun1 kinase protein controls expression of many DNA damage induced genes, including the ribonucleotide reductase genes, which regulate cellular dNTP pools. Using a combination of gene expression profiling and chromatin immunoprecipitation, we demonstrate that in the absence of DNA damage the yeast Rad4-Rad23 nucleotide excision repair complex binds to the promoters of certain DNA damage response genes including DUN1, inhibiting their expression. UV radiation promotes the loss of occupancy of the Rad4-Rad23 complex from the regulatory regions of these genes, enabling their induction and thereby controlling the production of dNTPs. We demonstrate that this regulatory mechanism, which is dependent on the ubiquitination of Rad4 by the GG-NER E3 ligase, promotes UV survival in yeast cells. These results support an unanticipated regulatory mechanism that integrates ubiquitination of NER DNA repair factors with the regulation of the transcriptional response controlling dNTP production and cellular survival after UV damage.

Microbial colonization of irradiated pathogenic yeast to catheter surfaces: Relationship between adherence, cell surface hydrophobicity, biofilm formation and antifungal susceptibility. A scanning electron microscope analysis.

PURPOSE: Technological advances such as long-term indwelling catheters have created milieu in which infections are a major complication. Thus it is essential to be able to recognize, diagnose, and treat infections occurring in immunocompromised patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Adherence assay and quantitation of biofilms was performed by a spectrophotometric method, hydrophobicity was evaluated by adhesion to p-xylene. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of Nystatin was carried out by a well dilution method. RESULTS: Out of 100 bladder cancer patients, 23 pathogenic yeast isolates were identified. The samples were taken from urinary catheters and urine collected from their attached drainage bags. Pathogenic yeast identified were species of Candida, Cryptococcus, Saccharomyces, Blastoschizomyces, Trichosporn, Hansenula, Prototheca and Rhodotorula. With the exception of Rhodotorula minuta, the yeast were sensitive to the antimycotic agent (Nystatin) used before and after in vitro gamma irradiation at 24.41 Gy as measured by a disc diffusion method. All tested yeast strains were slime producers and showed positive adherence reactions. There were considerable differences in adherence measurements after irradiation. An increase in adherence measurement values (using a spectrophotometric method) after irradiation were detected in four strains whereas eight other strains showed a reduction in their adherence reaction. The cell surface hydrophobicity (CSH) was evaluated by adhesion to p-xylene. Candida tropicalis showed a hydrophobic reaction with an increase in the cell surface hydrophobicity after irradiation. Scanning electron microscopy of irradiated C. tropicalis showed marked abnormalities in cell shape and size with significant reduction in adherence ability at the MIC level of Nystatin (4 µg/ml). CONCLUSIONS: More basic research at the level of pathogenesis and catheter substance is needed to design novel strategies to prevent fungal adherence and to inhibit biofilm formation.

Optically transparent polymer devices for in situ assessment of cell electroporation.

In order to study cell electroporation in situ, polymer devices have been fabricated from poly-dimethyl siloxane with transparent indium tin oxide parallel plate electrodes in horizontal geometry. This geometry with cells located on a single focal plane at the interface of the bottom electrode allows a longer observation time in both transmitted bright-field and reflected fluorescence microscopy modes. Using propidium iodide (PI) as a marker dye, the number of electroporated cells in a typical culture volume of 10-100 µl was quantified in situ as a function of applied voltage from 10 to 90 V in a series of ~2-ms pulses across 0.5-mm electrode spacing. The electric field at the interface and device current was calculated using a model that takes into account bulk screening of the transient pulse. The voltage dependence of the number of electroporated cells could be explained using a stochastic model for the electroporation kinetics, and the free energy for pore formation was found to be 45.6 ± 0.5 kT at room temperature. With this device, the optimum electroporation conditions can be quickly determined by monitoring the uptake of PI marker dye in situ under the application of millisecond voltage pulses. The electroporation efficiency was also quantified using an ex situ fluorescence-assisted cell sorter, and the morphology of cultured cells was evaluated after the pulsing experiment. Importantly, the efficacy of the developed device was tested independently using two cell lines (C2C12 mouse myoblast cells and yeast cells) as well as in three different electroporation buffers (phosphate buffer saline, electroporation buffer and 10% glycerol).

Study of the inactivation of spoilage microorganisms in apple juice by pulsed light and ultrasound.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of ultrasound (US) (600 W, 20 kHz and 95.2 µm wave amplitude; 10 or 30 min at 20, 30 or 44 ± 1 °C) and pulsed light (PL) (Xenon lamp; 3 pulses/s; 0.1 m distance; 2.4 J/cm(2)-71.6 J/cm(2); initial temperature 2, 30, 44 ± 1 °C) on the inactivation of Alicyclobacillus acidoterrestris ATCC 49025 spores and Saccharomyces cerevisiae KE162 inoculated in commercial (pH: 3.5; 12.5 °Brix) and natural squeezed (pH: 3.4; 11.8 °Brix) apple juices. Inactivation depended on treatment time, temperature, microorganism and matrix. Combination of these technologies led up to 3.0 log cycles of spore reduction in commercial apple juice and 2.0 log cycles in natural juice; while for S. cerevisiae, 6.4 and 5.8 log cycles of reduction were achieved in commercial and natural apple juices, respectively. In natural apple juice, the combination of US + 60 s PL at the highest temperature build-up (56 ± 1 °C) was the most effective treatment for both strains. In commercial apple juice, US did not contribute to further inactivation of spores, but significantly reduced yeast population. Certain combinations of US + PL kept on good microbial stability under refrigerated conditions for 15 days.